American Masculinity: Defined By War Essay -- War and American Masculi

War has been a mainstay of hu composition civilization since its inception thousands of years ago, and through fall out this long and colorful history, warriors have about exclusively been male. By repeatedly taking on the fundamentally aggressive and boisterous role of soldier, Man has slowly come to define Himself through these violent beats. Although modern American society regulates the experiences associated with engaging in warfare to a select group of individuals, leaving the majority of the American public emotionally and personally distant from war, mainstream American masculinity still draws heavily upon the characteristically male experience of going to war. In modern American society, masculinity is still delineate and expressed through analogy with the behavior and experiences of men at war however, such a simplistic masculinity cannot account for the depth of human experience embraced by a modern man.Whether engaging in European trench warfare or fighting throug h the jungles of Vietnam, a soldier must find to cope with the incredible mental stress brought on by the ever-present threat of a grisly death. The physical stress introduced by poor nutrition, a harsh and hostile environment, and the cumulative physical effect of emotional trauma only serves to make a trying situation even more taxing. It is out of this violently stressful environment that the coping mechanisms that characterize wartime masculinity arise.A natural response to such a violent environment is to simply roleplay in a way that portrays no weakness. If the soldier does not show any signs of weakness, he finds it much easier to convince himself that he can survive by his strength. In asserting his control over himself by hiding all of his weaknesses, h... ...y and war still abound however, these analogies cannot capture the full masculinity of the modern man as they do not allow for the formation of intimate personal relationships, such as that between husband and w ife, which lie at the heart of unremarkable civilian life.Works CitedKriegel, Leonard. Taking It. Reconstructing Gender A Multicultural Anthology. Ed. Estelle Disch. modern York McGraw Hill, 2006. 194-196.Messner, Michael A. Boyhood, Organized Sports, and the Construction of Masculinities. Reconstructing Gender A Multicultural Anthology. Ed. Estelle Disch. New York McGraw Hill, 2006. 120-137.OBrien, Tim. The Things They Carried. New York Broadway Books, 1990.Petrie, Phil W. Real Men Dont Cry and Other Uncool Myths. Reconstructing Gender A Multicultural Anthology. Ed. Estelle Disch. New York McGraw Hill, 2006. 221-226.

Logic and Moral Dilemmas Essay -- Logical Philosophy Philosophical Pap

Logic and Moral DilemmasABSTRACT Logic is of great importance for the doctrine of education. In particular, logic provides a rational and critical approach in ethics, helping us earn the nature of clean-living dilemmas. Some suggest that any example dilemmas result from some kind of inconsistency in the moral rules. Unsolvable moral situations simply reflect implicit inconsistencies in our existing moral code. If we atomic number 18 to remain moral as well as logical, then we must restore consistency to our code. This is accomplished by adding exception clauses to current principles, and enceinte priorities to some principles over others, or by some other device. I argue that we must accept moral dilemmas as an essential part of real-life earth on the grounds that some moral statements concern value. According to Moores axiological thesis, whether these statements are true depends on two factors the set of alternatives from which we make an evaluation, and the scale of values with which we rate them. Also, it is possible that a given alternative is no better than another in some respect. Furthermore, there is no respect in which they are equally good or equally bad (the so-called Condorcets effect). Thus, we must accept moral dilemmas as real rather than apparent. Among all the spheres of philosophy of education logic is of great importance. In particular it is logic that provides the rational and critical approach in ethics. So logic help us to understand the nature of moral dilemmas. It has been suggested that all moral dilemmas result from some kind of inconsistency in the moral rules. So our being faced with unsolvable moral situation merely reflected an implicit inconsistency in our existing moral code and that we forced... ...sibus perplexis// Th. Hobbes. A dialogue between a philosopher and a student for the third estate laws of England. Leibniz G.W. Specimen difficultatis in jure seu dissertatio de casibus perplexis. Doctrina conditiorum. De l egum interpretatione/ Ed. by T.Ascarelli. Milano Giuffre, 1960.P.267-302.5. Lemmon E.J. Moral Dilemmas// Moral Dilemmas/ Ed. by Christopher W. Gowans. New York & Oxford Oxford University Press, 1987.P.101-114. 6. Lemmon E.J. Deontic Logic and the Logic of Imperatives// Logique et Analyse. 1965. Vol. VII. No.2. P.39-61. 7. Moore G.E. Principia Ethica. Cambridge The Cambridge University Press, 1960.8. Rescher N. Ethical Idealism An Inquiry into the Nature and Function of Ideals. Berkeley,etc.University of atomic number 20 Press, 1987.9. Schlesinger G.N. The Sweep of Probability. Notre Dame & London University of Notre Dame Press, 1991.

America: Freedom And Violence Essay -- essays research papers

America Freedom and ViolenceImagine the emotionless testimony of a violent youngster, who whitethorn not realize he is fingering an accomplice as he quickly excuses his violent act, Oh I dont know. I just sawing machine it on TV. Countless acts of senseless violence in the past few decades have led our society to believe that although freedom of speech is a trace that separates America from many other countries, it has also made us more brutal. Media outlets such as television, movies, and music have had a major impact on our nation. The outlets can allow us to be creative, make money, and have fun. The downside is when it leads to homicide, suicide, and other serious crimes. The best example of debateing the influence of violence is the exact reproduction cat crimes that are played out day after day. Media also tends to guide children that may seem insecure, confounded, or simply daunted by what they see on the television. This cause creates a variety of effects, mostly leadin g to violence or desensitization to the events that occur around them. To understand how violence can be seen through media look to a common feeling when mass listen to a new song that they start liking. It can be described as an almost euphoric high. People that share this common feeling go to concerts where it seems like anything is fun and exciting. Often with so much intense hysteria people can feel pushy and violent as they try to get into the music. As a result concerts such as the 1999 Woodstock can end in violence. Events like this and other media extensions are uncontrollable because people have the right to be able to say what they want to say and express what they feel with teeny-weeny to no intervention. It is the first amendment that allows us to have the rights of freedom in our country. Freedom of speech has allowed media to be one link to the chain of violence in our nation.The unify States was founded on the principle that the people and the government had the ri ght to freedom of speech. The words Its a free country are four of the most consequential words to America. The term is used generally because we can not get away with everything in the United States. The rights we do have are our most treasured personal freedoms. The formation of our country began with the idea that freedom above all was ... ...crease in violence correlates with the increase of television in our country. Violence can frequent the minds of many children and adolescents while they are still growing and learning to function. A time like this can make all outside events become more sensitive to a childs mind. Media can help give ideas or promote certain acts, especially if it seems like the viewer is making a connection with the role model that makes these actions. For children that live in abusive homes or have lived a psychologically damaging life, media is something they may try to connect with when things in the viewers life do not seem to be going well. Not on ly can it create more violence merely also it makes people who live here become more fearful of the world around them. Media has learned to focus on the exaggerations and extremities in our country so that one who views this could see his environment as a fearful enigma. The identity of America can be unclear. The founding of the first amendment has made our country complete of violence. What use to be a strengthening trait that made America attractive, has now turned into violent turmoil that makes many more people fill with fear instead of freedom.

HOW EFFECTIVE A LEADER DO YOU CONSIDER AENEAS TO BE? :: Classics

HOW EFFECTIVE A LEADER DO YOU CONSIDER AENEAS TO BE?On meeting Aeneas for the jump time, he appears to be in a veryvulnerable situation as he is the middle of a storm. This isemphasized the phrase, his limbs grew weak as it puts preliminary thefact that Aeneas, despite his power and status is like every othernormal human being. My first speculation on whether or not Aeneas is agood leader comes from the use of the word I. In his first speech hesays, Why could I not have fallen to your unspoiled hand and breathed outmy life on the plains of Troy. Here, although Aeneas is in sufferingwith all his men, he is selfishly regretting the option of dying a adventurous death in the battle of Troy, as it would lead to him to be afigure of great history. This in my opinion does not qualify Aeneas asa good leader, as his actions can be perceived to be self- centred.Contrary to my first perception of Aeneas, is his sense ofdedication. Through this, a positive sign of leadership is presentedto us on his arrival on the coast of Libya. At this point, he takesit upon himself to search for his missing men. Aeneas climbed a rockto see if there was any draw in of the storm-tossed Antheus. Capysperhaps or the Caicus armour. Virgil emphasizes Aeneas desperationto find his men and his great compassion by the use of the wordPerhaps. Similarly, Aeneas proves himself to be a very consolatory andreassuring character to his men in times of loss.In his sufferings, he makes it his duty to fend for all his men byfinding food for them. He did see three stags wandering he stoppedin his tracks and snatched his bow and then he took down threeleaders. Aeneas quick thinking is make evident here by the use of theverb, snatched as it conveys his abilities to make quick logicaldecisions, a feature which makes him stand out amongst others. Virgilgoes further on to declaim us that Aeneas has killed seven hugecarcasses, one for each ship. This gives an in-depth into Aeneassense of organisation and well structured nature.Self- sacrifice is another quality that Virgil builds in Aeneascharacter, which qualifies him as a good leader. He showed them theface of home and kept his misery deep in his heart. Here Aeneas isable to put his mens emotions and feeling first in line at theexpense of himself as he is aware of their needs at this moment a

Determination Of An Unknown Amino Acid From Titration Essay -- essays

Determination of An Unknown Amino Acid From TitrationAbstractExperiment 11 used a titration curve to determine the identity of anunknown amino group acid. The initial pH of the solution was 1.96, and the pKasfound experimentally were 2.0, 4.0, and 9.85. The accepted pKa values werefound to be 2.10, 4.07, and 9.47. The molecular(a) weight was calculated to be176.3 date the accepted value was found to be 183.5. The identity of theunknown amino acid was established to be glutamic acid, hydrochloride.IntroductionAmino acids are simple monomers which are strung together to form polymers(also called proteins). These monomers are characterized by the generalstructure shown in depend 1.Fig. 1Although the general structure of all amino acids follows figure 1, the presenceof a zwitterion is made possible due to the basic properties of the NH2 groupand the acidic properties of the COOH group. The amine group (NH2) is Lewis fore because it has a lone electron couple which makes it suscepti ble to acoordinate covalent bond with a total heat ion. Also, the carboxylic group is aLewis acidic because it is able to donate a hydrogen ion (Kotz et al., 1996).Other forms of amino acids also exist. Amino acids may exists as acidic orbasic salts. For example, if the glycine reacted with HCl, the resulting aminoacid would be glycine hydrochloride (see fig. 2). genus Glycine hydrochloride is anexample of an acidic salt form of the amino acid. Likewise, if NaOH were bringed,the resulting amino acid would be sodium glycinate (see fig. 3), an example of abasic salt form.Fig. 2Fig. 3Due to the nature of amino acids, a titration curve can be employed to identifyan unknown amino acid. A titration curve is the plot of the pH versus the volumeof titrant used. In the case of amino acids, the titrant will be both an acidand a base. The acid is a useful tool because it is able to add a proton to theamine group (see fig. 1). Likewise the base allows for removal of the protonfrom the carboxy l group by the addition of hydrated oxide. The addition of thestrong acid or base does not necessarily yield a drastic jump in pH. The acidor base added is unable to contribute to the pH of the solution because theprotons and hydroxide ions donated in solution are busy adding protons to theamine gr... ...unded series of crude estimates which wererequired. Likewise, the deviance of the calculated molecular weight can beattributed to these crude vehicles, because the potpourri in volume (betweenequivalence points) were used in calculation.ConclusionThe identity of an unknown amino acid was determined by establishing atitration curve. The equivalence and half-equivalence point, the pKa values,and the molecular weight were directly or indirectly found through the titrationcurve. The equivalence points were found through a crude method known as thetrapezoidal method. The establishment of the equivalence points gave rise tothe half equivalence points and the D volume (used in calculati ng the molecularweight). The half-equivalence points were directly used to find the pKa valuesof the unknown. The molecular weight could also be calculated. This data led tothe determination of the identity of the unknown amino acid--glutamic acid,hydrochloride.ReferencesJicha, D. Hasset, K. Experiments in General interpersonal chemistry Hunt Dubuque, 199137-53.Kotz, J.C. Treichel , P. Jr. Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity Harcourt-BraceFort Worth, 1996 816-837.

Determination Of An Unknown Amino Acid From Titration Essay -- essays

Determination of An Unknown Amino Acid From TitrationAbstract test 11 used a titration curve to determine the identity operator operator of anunknown amino chemical group deadly. The initial pH of the solution was 1.96, and the pKasfound experimentally were 2.0, 4.0, and 9.85. The accepted pKa values werefound to be 2.10, 4.07, and 9.47. The molecular weight was calculated to be176.3 while the accepted value was found to be 183.5. The identity of theunknown amino acid was established to be glutamic acid, hydrochloride.IntroductionAmino acids are simple monomers which are strung together to form polymers(also called proteins). These monomers are characterized by the general twist shown in figure 1.Fig. 1Although the general structure of all amino acids follows figure 1, the presenceof a zwitterion is made possible due to the basic properties of the NH2 groupand the acid-forming properties of the COOH group. The amine group (NH2) is Lewisbase because it has a lone electron pair which makes it susceptible to acoordinate covalent bond with a hydrogen ion. Also, the carboxyl groupic group is aLewis acidic because it is able to donate a hydrogen ion (Kotz et al., 1996).Other forms of amino acids also exist. Amino acids may exists as acidic orbasic salts. For example, if the glycine reacted with HCl, the resulting aminoacid would be glycine hydrochloride (see fig. 2). Glycine hydrochloride is anexample of an acidic salt form of the amino acid. Likewise, if NaOH were added,the resulting amino acid would be sodium glycinate (see fig. 3), an example of abasic salt form.Fig. 2Fig. 3Due to the nature of amino acids, a titration curve can be employed to identifyan unknown amino acid. A titration curve is the plot of the pH versus the hoi polloiof titrant used. In the case of amino acids, the titrant will be some(prenominal) an acidand a base. The acid is a useful tool because it is able to add a proton to theamine group (see fig. 1). Likewise the base allows for removal of the protonfrom the carboxyl group by the addition of hydroxide. The addition of thestrong acid or base does not necessarily yield a drastic jump in pH. The acidor base added is unable to contribute to the pH of the solution because theprotons and hydroxide ions donated in solution are busy adding protons to theamine gr... ...unded series of unadulterated estimates which wererequired. Likewise, the deviance of the calculated molecular weight can beattributed to these crude vehicles, because the change in volume (between equivalence points) were used in calculation.ConclusionThe identity of an unknown amino acid was determined by establishing atitration curve. The equivalence and half-equivalence point, the pKa values,and the molecular weight were directly or indirectly found through the titrationcurve. The equivalence points were found through a crude method known as thetrapezoidal method. The establishment of the equivalence points gave rise tothe half equivalence point s and the D volume (used in calculating the molecularweight). The half-equivalence points were directly used to find the pKa valuesof the unknown. The molecular weight could also be calculated. This data led tothe determination of the identity of the unknown amino acid--glutamic acid,hydrochloride.ReferencesJicha, D. Hasset, K. Experiments in General Chemistry Hunt Dubuque, 199137-53.Kotz, J.C. Treichel , P. Jr. Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity Harcourt-BraceFort Worth, 1996 816-837.

IT and Customer Relationship Management Essay

Read the Harvard Business School font for Maru Batting Center, KEL688. The optional technological note, Using Customer Relationship Management to Analyze the Lifetime Value of a Customer KEL695, can also help walk through the exercises. The data in Excel format is available for download in the course package, KEL691. Answer the questions below based on only information presented in the case and your understanding of the case.You may answer the questions in either essay or bullet points form. Be concise and substantiate your answers with logical arguments and flow of thoughts. Question 1What is the customer acquisition cost for Maru Batting Center (MBC) for the following(a) customers?a) A Little Leaguerb) A Summer plodderc) An Elite Ballplayer if MBC places the ad in the local baseball enthusiasts magazined) An Elite Ballplayer if MBC purchases the distinguish and invites all target customers to the gala evente) An merriment SeekerQuestion 2Without discounting specie flows to take into account the time value of money, how soon go out MBC break even on the following customers?a) A Little Leaguerb) A Summer Sluggerc) An Elite Ballplayer if MBC places the ad in the local baseball enthusiasts magazined) An Elite Ballplayer if MBC purchases the List and invites all target customers to the gala evente) An Entertainment SeekerQuestion 3Taking into account the time value of money and assuming that 100 percent of a customer segment forget have experienced attrition once the net presentvalue of annual profits per customer falls below 100, what is the lifetime value to MBC of the following customers?a) A Little Leaguerb) A Summer Sluggerc) An Elite Ballplayer if MBC places the ad in the local baseball enthusiasts magazined) An Elite Ballplayer if MBC purchases the List and invites all target customers to the gala evente) An Entertainment SeekerQuestion 4Little League representatives have approached MBC from the nearby Chiyoda ward who are impatient to gain the jersey subsidy the Minato ward has enjoyed due to the companys sponsorship. Because the parents of Chiyoda Little Leaguers will have to travel a greater distance, Maru believes there will be a lower response rate (8 percent) and a lower retention rate (65 percent), which she can make up for by purchasing jolly lowerquality jerseys, reducing the cost of sponsorship to just 600 per player. However, the Chiyoda ward representatives demand that theirs be the only ward receiving such a sponsorship, which means MBC must choose between the both wards. The Chiyoda representatives argue that because their ward has twice the number of Little League customers, it is more attractive than the Minato ward. Should MBC pursue the Chiyoda ward sponsorship? Explain your reasoning.

“Advice To youth” by Mark Twain Essay

Advice To youth by Mark Twain is basic on the wholey a short little composition that he was asked to write to the youths of America. fundamentally it was just meant to be both(prenominal)thing to be educational and useful in life. I think that what he said back then is just as aline straightaway as it was back then when he wrote it.He starts off by saying that you should always listen to what your p atomic number 18nts say even if you dont agree because if you try to rebel over against them youll just get into an argument and after being punished youll be forced to do what they said anyway. It doesnt count if youre right or not just listen to them youll save yourself the hassle of fighting with your p bents and ruining your relationship with them. Thats advice that we all have heard, tho find impossible to follow growing up. It always ends up with us punished and us having to do something we didnt want to do plus some other stuff.He says that you should always respect your supe riors whether theyre strangers, family or friends. If some matchless does something to disrespect and your not sure whether it was intentional or not you should hit them with a brick and then if you find out that he didnt mean any harm you should be a man and tell the person you hit with the brick that you were the one who did it. He said that you shouldnt fight and just try to talk it out, let bygones be bygones. The first half of this advice is correct we should respect our elders even if they are wrong.As for hitting someone who offended you miss intentionally or otherwise, if we were to do this in todays society we would all have to exsert weapons on us at all times and wed all leave a trail of bodies everywhere we went. Its best just to trim dumb remarks that are made by even dumber people and get on with life. There is overly much ignorance in this world, one person wint be able to make a difference with something like this.In the third paragraph he says the old clich earl y to bed, early to nurture. Then he talks about getting up at different times and how whatever wakes you up will change your attitude. He adroit a bird to wake him up at nine thirty every morning, so I guess it makes him optimistic to wake up to a lark chirping. I guess thats true, but in todays world no one gets enough sleep everyone goes to bed late, wakes up early and is always devolve. Alarmclocks are a pain to wake up to and so are radios. The sounds of nature wouldnt wake some people up because we have gotten used to loud noises, so low noise wouldnt make us shudder. Most of us wake up to the buzzing or beeping of a blaring alarm clock, which makes us angry and groggy. We spend most of the morning dazed and confused and at night tired and lazy.He then talks about lying he says that you refrain from lying as much as humanly possible unless you are clever at it. If your a bad liar then you shouldnt lie because it will usually be slanderous and if you get caught spreading li es youll be brand a liar by everyone. This is obvious advice that most people have taken. Most people are good at lying because they have been practicing for years. To wrick successful you resist to be able to lie and stick with the lie until you are on your deathbed. To hear a complete truth from anyone in todays world is almost impossible since we all stretch the truth from time.He then talks about guns and gun control. He says that you should have a gun in the house in case you need it, but you shouldnt have it loaded unless you plan to use it. It should never be odd unlocked or else you could get hurt if it was left accidentally loaded. He says never point a gun at a person unless you instal to kill them. This is something that most political people and lobbyists talk about give. I agree with this completely. Its better to have a gun and not need it then need it and not have it. A gun should never be loaded until right before you are going to use it, anyone with a gun lice nse should know that same goes for never point a gun at something that you dont wish to destroy. Guns are weapons not playthings. A gun should be locked on a gun rack or have a gunlock incase someone where to get a hold of it they wouldnt be able to do anything with it.He then starts talking about how you should read allot, but that you should be careful of what you choose to read. He says you should simply read good books having to do with religion. Reading is always a good thing to do. However, in todays society most people are agnostic so reading about religious topics is something they wouldnt do under normal circumstances. People should read anything whether comic books, manga, manuals, how toguides or whatever. Its all better then watching television.He then says that if you listen to his advise you will be a good person. I agree with his statement. All of his create verbally advice is useful stuff that you always hear but dont care to pay attention to while growing up until its too late in life to do anything about it.Mark Twain was a great writer and as it turns out he also had allot of common sense and useful knowledge, of which he decided to share some with us in that little passage that he was asked to write. Reading it all again and responding to it enforces those ideas in my mind as I hope it will for all those who decide to do this assignment.

Jagged Automobile Company

We volition venture into auto wandering industry. The company ordain be called jagged auto mobile company. Auto mobiles industry is star of the oldest industries in US. It dates back to 1899 aft(prenominal) it was adopted from Europe. We will try to not only follow the foot steps of hybridization Auto mobile that is currently the leading auto mobile company but we will likewise Endeavour to out do them. Jagged railroad car Company will be located in capital of the United States DC.The reason why our plant is located in Washington is the approachability of cheap Labour, availability of land, availability of raw materials, availability of customers and given that Washington is also located in a good. We are planning to launch our company on twelfth celestial latitude 1918. Amongst the guest we lease invited are Sir Ford and our President. Jagged Auto mobile company will be adopting an organization structure that will be based on function. At the top we will have the General Ma nager, sales and marketing manager, financial controller, Customer service manager, Technical manager, Human mental imagery manager.The general manager will be the overall manager of the company, technical manager will head all the engineers who will be responsible for figure new products and carrying out after sales services. Sales and marketing manager will lead the sales team and he will be responsible for marketing the jagged auto mobiles products. The financial controller will be responsible for the companies finances. The human resources manager will be responsible for all matters touch on employees and for will employees affairs.The diagram below is a schematic representation of the organization structure of Jagged Auto mobile company. The company will have one plant at the beginning, with several outlets all the country for their products. It will also involve the services of motor bazaars. Amongst the strategic points that we have noticed are Chicago, Texas, Florida, Wa shington DC and Ohio. We are also planning to link up with some other people from other countries like Mexico and Canada who are still importing vehicles from UK.We gestate that our products will do better in North America. We will need the following resources in our plants, welding guns, welding midges, tires, plates, engine oil, brake fluid, steering oil, petrol, leather, cushion, wire, insurance, broadsheet board, jigs and fixtures. (Ford 2008) We are going to offer tenders to companies which manufacture tires. But we are planning to have tires from Firestone Company in Britain because they are the main suppliers of Ford automobile company. For the vane we will be getting it from US.Steel Corporation Company given that its a local company with a vast experience in mark production. The steel will be employ for making the body of the car. The wire we will get from US cable manufacturers who are the oldest manufacturers of wire. The wire will be used for wiring the vehicle. We will get all our oils from Total, this French company which started in 1902. We are going for their oil because Total lubricants are widely used in UK by auto mobile companies and in US companies like Ford Auto Mobile. (Ford 2008) The capital required will be around fin million US dollars.But with sometime we are planning to take our company to the stock exchange market. This will enable us to get more capital. I happen to have inherited over ten million US dollars from father who happens to be the owner of Sainsbury food industry. Sells and marketing department will be responsible for delivering the goods to the customers. Some vehicles will be shipped to the buyers. We are also likely to start a supply chain chains all over America. The vehicles will be manufactured and then taken to the suppliers where the customers will get their products.The buyers will also be allowed to buy vehicles directly from our plants. We will be offering after sales services. We are going to offer aft er sales services for one year to our entire customer. The sales engineers will be responsible for this. They will also propose new design to the design engineers. We will be targeting people from the whole country. Particularly the middle class who according to survey we have done are the majority in the population. Our Engineers will come up with vehicles with different features.The better feature a vehicle will have the higher(prenominal) will its price be. The sales and marketing department will be responsible for this. They are going to place advertisement in the media. We will also put up advisements on bill boards. Our vehicle will also have our logo on the bonnet. We are also going to give discounts to our customer. The sanctioned consideration that we will have to adhere to is the environmental policy, the workers laws and the company legislation. Reference Ford Motor Company retrieved from ford automobile company. com on 1st December 2008

Recruitment and Selection of Incepta Pharma

30th September, 2012 Homayara L. Ahmed Course Instructor Manpower Planning and Personnel Policy (J-601) Bangladesh University of Professionals Mirpur Cantonment capital of Bangladesh 1216Subject Submission of report on enlisting and survival Process of Incepta Pharmaceuticals Ltd Dear Madam, Here is the report on enlisting and Selection Process of Incepta Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , which you have appoint us as part of the course curriculum Manpower Planning and Personnel Policy (J-601). This is a group assignment, which was assigned after a series of class lectures and case studies. Thank you for offering us the opportunity to prepare this report. We appreciate the chance to apply our theoretical knowledge which go away surely stalemate us in good stead.We hope that despite of the limitations, this report will give a fare idea regarding Recruitment and Selection Process of an organisation to the interested readers. We will be glad to clarify queries if you have any. final exam ly, we thank you again for providing us the opportunity to carry out such study. Sincerely yours, Md. Hafizur Rahman Faruque Ahmed Recruitment and Selection Process of Incepta Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Prepared for Homayara L. Ahmed Course Instructor Manpower Planning and Personnel Policy (J-601) Prepared by Md. Hafizur Rahman M1112023Faruque Ahmed M1112038 MBA-12 BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF PROFESSIONALS Mirpur Cantonment, Dhaka September 30, 2012 Executive abridgment Incepta Pharmaceuticals Ltd. is a take pharmaceutical go with in Bangladesh which established in the year 1999. Now they are exporting their products in 57 countries. A meter 4000 individuals from diverse disciplines are working in the company. To attain the goals and objectives, Incepta Pharma choose the rectify people both from internal and external sources. Only for entry level employees they enforce external recruitment and selection turnes.Their external recruitment sources are universities and other organizatio ns. Recruitment methods are undertaking fair, campus recruitment, internships, ad, employee referrals. They use extensive consultation method as selection tool. Person/organization staffing model is get priority in the selection attend to. For mid(prenominal) and ranking(prenominal) level employees they follow promotion system establish performance and experience. They always privilege employee referral. The main key factor of the success of Incepta Pharma is strong friendly and co-operative working environment.Employees share their tasks with each other. In all at once vacancies of employment, employees work equal team. CHAPTER ONE 1. Introduction Recruitment is the process of identifying that the organization needs to employ someone up to the point at which application forms for the mark have arrived at the organization. Selection then consists of the processes involved in choosing from applicants a suitcapable candidate to fill a post. Recruitment and selection is the c ore objectives of HR division of an organization.To attain the goals of an organization choosing the right people in right at time right place is very important. Incepta follow their own recruitment and selection process to pick up the best candidates which adjusted their organizational culture. They believe in team work. Employees share their work each other and booster to understanding the tasks. They build a very co-operative and friendly environment which is the main ingredient to meet their ultimate goals & objectives. 1. 1 Background of Incepta Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Incepta Pharmaceuticals Ltd. s a leading pharmaceutical company in Bangladesh established in the year 1999. Incepta began its operation with a handful of highly skilled and dedicated professionals guided by an able leadership. Proper strategic planning, technical excellence, fast and timely decisions helped them achieve their objectives leading to much faster growth. Incepta was able to anticipate the need of the market and get out the right product at the right time. High focus on R&D investment from the very beginning made possible the introduction of spirit products ahead of its competitors in more or less cases. Incepta Pharmaceuticals Ltd. s now the second largest Pharmaceuticals company of the country and recognized as the fastest growing of the top five manufacturing company in the country. . The company produces various types of dosage forms which include tablets, capsules, oral liquids, ampoules, dry powder vials, powder for suspension, nasal sprays, eye drops, creams, ointments, lotions, gels, prefilled syringes, liquid filled hard gelatine capsules, lyophilized injections, valet vaccine etc. Since its inception, Incepta has been launching new and innovative products in order to fulfill unmet demand of the medical community.The focus has always been to occupy new, more technologically advanced molecules and innovative dosage forms to the country. Headcounts To achieve their pu rpose and mission, they affirm their values of integrity, respect for people, innovation, performance and leadership. Around 4000 individuals from diverse disciplines including pharmacy, microbiology, MBA, Accounting, Engineering and medicate are working nationwide under the umbrella of Incepta. All the skilled and professional someonenel are set at their very appropriate creditworthy perplexs. . 2 Objectives of the Study * To learn about the real-life practices of recruitment and selection process practiced in incepta Pharmaceuticals Ltd. * To learn about the selection tools used and do a cursory analysis of the validity/reliability of these tools. 1. 3 Methodology and Sources of Data Primary data We collected information about recruitment and selection process of Inceta Pharma by face to faces interview. Md. Iftakhairul Alam Shehab Asst. Officer, Human Resources shared the recruitment & selection process of incepta with us.Secondary data From the website of Incepta Pharma, we c ollected their background and some other information. 1. 4 ambit of Our Study This report is fain only the basis of Head office of Incepta Pharma which situated in Tejgaon, Dhaka. Basically we dont emphasize on their whole industrial recruitment and selection process. CHAPTER TWO 2. Recruitment To attain the ultimate goals and objectives of an organization, recruiting the right people is very important. Recruiting brings together those with telephone circuits to fill and those seeking jobs. 2. Recruitment Sources This is the first step in the recruitment and selection process. Sourcing candidates means organization employment specialist is using a variety of methods to find suitable candidates for job vacancies. Sourcing can be done via online advertising on job and career sites or professional networking and participation in trade associations. Another creative sourcing proficiency employment specialists utilize is monitoring employment changes at industry competitors to recruit applicants familiar with the same type of business you are operating.So recruitment sources are * internecine Searches * Employee Referrals/Recommendations * External Searches * Alternatives The main external recruitment sources for entry level employees of Incepta Pharma are Universities, Other organizations. For entry level employees universities are good recruitment sources. Incepta pharmaceuticals is a reputed organization and maintain good working environment so employees of other organizations are also eager to join the organization. For mid and senior level they go for internal recruitment. 2. 2 Communication MessageThere are about three types of messages (Traditional, Realistic job laggard and targeted), organization may use to provide information that will attract a significant pool of qualified candidates and discourage unqualified ones from applying. Incepta Pharma normally use realistic job preview type message in their advertisement. 2. 3 Recruitment Method 2. 3. 1En try Level Incepta Pharma use job fair, campus recruitment, internship (mainly for pharmacists) advertisement, employee referral method for external recruitment. They use university teachers referral for pharmacists recruitment.Choice Basis broadly speaking for medical promotion officer (MPO) they give news paper advertisement. Here they need higher yield ratio because when applicants understand the responsibility and challenges during training stop consonant most of them switch the job. They use employee referral because it is cost effective and these types of candidates also have to cross an extensive selection process for final selection. So there is no possibility of nepotism. They use job fair and campus recruitment because the processes require less time and the methods are targeted.By using internship they can evaluate an applicant practically. Challenges of the Methods Except advertisement by using job fair, campus recruitment, internship, employee referral methods they are getting only limited applicants but a vast go of applicant are not orgasm to their applicants pool. So there is most possibility the organization is depriving from more efficient candidates. 2. 3. 2 mid(prenominal) and senior level The organization follows promotion system for mid and senior level employees. When the company was started they followed head hunting for mid and senior level employees.But now they use internal sources for mid and senior level employees recruitment. Mid and senior level employees turnover is rare in the incepta. When any mid and senior level employee turnover or dead then responsibility of that person is shared by his/ her team because they would like to do team work. Then the vacancy post is filled up by promotion system on performance basis. They do not follow success plan culture. Choice basis If they use external recruitment processes for mid and senior level employees it will be time consuming and new employees will take time to adapt the environ ment.So it is not good for mid and senior level employees. As they would like to do team work the employees know the duties and responsibility of their boss and colleague. So they can easily share duties and responsibility when a mid or senior level employee turnoff or dead. Challenges If any time for uncertain situation turnover of mid or senior level is high then it surd to share duties and responsibility among the employees. They may face to problem for development/succession plan as they are following internal recruitment process. CHAPTER THREESelection 3. 1 Selection Selection of right people from vast number of candidates is a very difficult task. If there is continuous recruitment and selection process year round of an organization, those must have recruitment and selection department. Otherwise some organizations transfer their recruitment and selection responsibilities to the recruiting firm and they pay huge for it. Incepta Pharma handle their recruiting process own. Choi ce Basis of Selection Tools For Initial Assessment Incepta Pharma overview Resumes and upside Letters of a candidate.They take written test when a large number of employees are recruited. But for two or three employees they collect CV from CV bank and employee referral and start first interview. Though they prefer employee referral there is no possibility of nepotism because the applicants have to overcome an extensive selection process to get final job offer. So only efficient candidates are selected for their job. 3. 2. 1 Resumes and Cover Letters All educational, previous experiences, extra curriculum activities and other required information are written in resumes and cover letters.And information needs to be verified by other predictors to ensure accuracy and completeness. Generally organization uses this selection tool to initial assessment of large number of candidates. But sometimes there is a possibility of falsification and misrepresentation of information in resumes and cover letters. Problem with resumes and cover letters Though resumes and cover letters is the most cost effective method of selection but in words of validity or reliability is very low. Someone may be prepared his/her CV by other.Real work skills or knowledge cannot be measured through this method. 3. 2. 2 Interview Method Any confusion/curiosity is dissolve with the face to face meeting between employers and candidates. Interview is very important to evaluate person/ job match. For making the interview effective organization should follows these rules * intercommunicate questions assessing most basic KSAOs * Sticking to basic, fundamental questions suitable for making rough cuts rather than subjective questions * Keeping interviews brief * Asking same questions of all applicants * Useing a standard scoring guideHowever it is almost impossible to judge qualified candidates without Job Knowledge Tests and Performance Tests and Work Samples. But Incepta Pharma take only resumes and interview for selecting their qualified employees most of the cases. They take 3 step descriptive interview for choose their appropriate candidates. 3. 3 Selection Process The selection process typically consists of eight steps 1. Initial screening interview 2. Completion of the application form 3. Employment tests 4. Comprehensive interview 5. Background investigation 6. Conditional job offer 7. Medical/physical exam . Permanent job offer For entry level employees selection Incepta Pharma follow following sequence assembly of CV v Screening of CV v Written test v 1st interview by HR head v 2nd interview by head of the department v 3rd interview by director v Conditional job offer v Final job offer Fig Selection process for entry level employee of Incepta pharmaceuticals Ltd. Always they do not take written test. It depends on number and types of the employees. CHAPTER quaternion ConclusionIncepta pharmaceuticals Ltd. Wants to be research based global pharmaceutical company and a highly efficient generic manufacturer. Now they are 2nd largest pharmaceuticals company in the country and exporting their products in the abroad (57 countries). But they started their business from 1999. They are fastest growing of the top five manufacturing company in the country. The market position they gained within few years only possible by highly skilled and dedicated professionals who can take Proper strategic planning, technical excellence, swift and timely decisions guided by an able leadership.The most important factor that takes an organization in a leading position is its efficient and right human resources. Incepta obtained their skilled and experience human resources by well structured, concurrent and extensive recruitment and selection processes. They have own distinct recruitment and selection process. They prefer internal referral to pick up appropriate employee for their organization. Question may arise have they maintain nepotism and favoritism. Yes they use nepotism and favoritism in efficient and effective sort to draw attention of sufficient candidates who will be resources in future.

Forensic Science: Evolution and how it has helped to solve many infamous crimes Essay

A withdraw mystery, an unidentified clay, stab wounds to the chest, a pool of countercurrent in a high contain street in New York, photographers, police, investigators rush in to begin their course of work to solve the mystery of the assassinated body, to solve the puzzle, to tell the world the story of the dead body, to make sure the realityner they lived didnt just vanish with their expiry in a recess second. It may seem like a season premiere of the latest CSI (Crime Scene Investigation) season, within one hour you are beated with the murderer and how it occurred and why. But is it always that simple? Is it always that crystal clear? Forensic Science has never been under the eye of the ordinary as it is right now. But the perception of what Forensics is to the public is not re solelyy what it seems to be in TV shows. Forensic Science is a much more vast collection of studies that helps sic murderers and criminals behind bars. It has been present since a long m ago an d its evolution from that time to now, has helped solve many infamous crimes that have shocked the world. It has become one of the approximately of the essence(p) elements in any trial to verify the accuracy of the indorse and to grant justice to the innocent and send the guilty behind bars.Forensic Science is know as the science of gathering tell apart and establishing facts that can be taken as evidence in a apostrophize of law. (Rankin, 2013). The first make use of of Forensics has not been clearly mentioned, but it is evident that Forensics was employ to solve causal agencys even from long time ago. One of the most famous cases reported was the story of Archimedes, where he utilise his theory of buoyancy to prove whether the gold smith who built the royal crown for the king used 100% gold as he say or whether he mixed silver to it. (Rankin, 2013). From the old age, Forensics has been developing with time. Even before the invention of the microscope, masses managed to link evidence and solve crimes. A hardly a(prenominal) such cases include the matching of a torn piece of paper in a pocket to a gunused in a homicide, developing the feel print system to verify and identify individuals and citeing the different blood categories which were some of the most basic techniques used in the early ages to distinguish evidence. (Rankin, 2013) With the development of engineering, Forensic Science has blossomed immensely.From the use of fingerprint analysis to DNA testing, the advancement of this science has helped to solve many crimes and put criminals behind bars. It has also introduced unhomogeneous aspects of Forensic Science which gives importance to individual specialties and not as a whole, a hardly a(prenominal) common aspects are Pathology, entomology, Toxicology and Anthropology. For the CSI fans, Dr. Al Robbins needs no introduction, to the others, he was the Medical Examiner in the series, a doctor who did autopsies and figured step up the seduce of death of the deceased. This is exactly what a pathologist does in real lifetime even though not as sugar coated as on TV. Pathology is the study of diagnosis and disease and determining the cause of death. It involves gathering evidence from the crime scene and establishing a time of death, cause of death and identifying the body. In almost all cases, Pathology is used, as it is the work out that determines the cause of death. One case as such involves a 16 year old girl named Leanne Tiernan. She mysteriously disappeared in November 2000 and sadly, her body was put up in august 2001. According to evidence make around the crime scene- a dog collar, twine and a cable, they were easily linked back to the murderer John Taylor. But the main piece of evidence was strands of Leannes pink sweater which was found at Johns house which provided the utmost piece of evidence to link him to the murder.John was arrested in November 2001 and sentenced to life imprisonment. (Suzanne E lvidge BSc (hons), 2013) Even though Pathology is one of the main factors being exercised at a crime scene the other factors are equally essential to find out many other details about the crime. Another rather interesting method used by forensic scientist is Entomology which uses information from insects to establish the time of death and location. Naturally afterwardsward death, the body goes through and through various stages of decay which attracts many insects in succession, scientists are indeed able to establish a image in which insects arrive at which stage therefore, making it easy to establish a time of death. virtually insects are unique to a certain region, which helps in distinguishing a location if they are found in places where they are not commonly found. Some insects suck outblood which helps in analyzing if any toxics were obscure in the death. Even though the toxicology report is a job for the toxicologist, the sample is taken out from the insect by the Entom ologist. A case which used Entomology to a very high standard in the summer of 1997 was the case of Kevin Neal. A stepfather killed both his step children in an act of revenge. The Kevin Neal murder case used Entomology to great lengths. The children, 11 years and 4 years old, were both slay by unidentified homicidal evidence, but with the help of the vast amounts of insects which collected in the two bodies where they lay for weeks in a hot summer land, the entomologists were able to establish a rough time period of death and the cause of death to some manner of asphyxia.The fact that 3 different types of insects werent found to be acting in the same manner as they would on a normal body made them suspect the day which they first thought the children were murdered. Then a few weed seeds which were attached to Neals heave from the site, were found at his house linked him to the crime scene and after years of trial, he was sentenced to life imprisonment. (Gribben, n.d.) This also shows us how a simple factor such as insect succession which helped in determining the time of death which helped in forensics to form a timeline to figure the whereabouts of Neal at the time of death and link it to the murder of the children. Toxicology is the study of the adverse effects on the human body caused by toxics. It is mostly used to identify any chemicals present in the body after death to rule out foul play or suicide. Not only poisons toxicology is used to identify any foreign satisfying that may have been become toxic while in the body. (Toxicology, 2013) The first use of toxicology occurred in 1751 where a woman named Mary together with her husband in need of her fathers estate gave him Arsenic in small dosages until he died. However the maid caring for Marys father agnize what Mary did and she was accused of murdering her father.The autopsy wear offe by 4 notable doctors at that time revealed that the cause of death was indeed arsenic poisoning and from the gri nd saved by the maid they conducted a very poor method of burning the powder and smelling it which confirmed it was arsenic. This was reported to be the first toxicology essay conducted to convict a criminal. Even though the test conducted was purely vague, this incident made them develop more accurate tests to identify compounds and to make them pay worry to forensic toxicology.(Ramsland, n.d.) If you have watched the hit TV series Bones you probably understand what Forensic Anthropology is. The SWAGANTH (Scientific Working Group for Anthropology) defines forensic anthropology as The application of anthropological methods and theory particularly those relating to the recovery of analysis of human corpse to resolve legal matters. (Scientific Working radical for Forensic Anthropology, 2013) Anthropology, just as the other sectors of Forensics, is a mystery itself. All human skeletal remains are very similar therefore, identifying its owner can be a cumbersome task and not as easy as it looks on TV. From gathering tusks to creating a three dimensional image of the individual, anthropologists have to first gather the bones, analyze it and then identify its origin. Theres a certain protocol which they follow to study their evidence and present it. The protocol is as suchAre the remains human?Do they represent one person or more?When did the death occur?How old was the descendant?What was the sex of the descendant?What was the race of the descendant?What was the descendants stature? Body weight? Physique?Does the skeleton present physical anomalies, signs of old disease and injuries or other characteristics which could give a positive identification? What was the cause of death?What was the manner of death? (natural, accident, suicide, murder or unknown) (Snow, Forensic Anthropology, 1982)This method was introduced after a high profile murder case which took place in the 1850s at Harvard University. The case was called, The Parkman Murder after the murder of D r. George Parkman. A Harvard alumnus, Parkman donated the land in which the Harvard medical school was built. professor John Webster was a chemistry professor at the medical school his friend Parkman established. But overdue to hundreds of dollars Webster was indebted to Parkman, their friendship was heading checkmatehill. Webster was a man with expensive taste that couldnt suffice with the $4000 a year pay check he received, sohe has taken many loans over the lucifer of years when Webster and Parkman were friends. Parkman, let the debt go on until he found out that Webster was trying to sell off a valuable mineral collection which he put up as collateral on the loan. This made Parkman denounce Webster in public which may have been the cause for his dismissal from Harvard. Webster under phoney pretences then had requested Parkman to arrive at his laboratory to allegedly make a substantial payment of his debt, but little did Dr. Parkman know that, that it would be his final jour ney in life.Dr. Parkman was murdered that night and his body was burnt in a furnace to make him unrecognizable and if that was not gruesome enough, his body, or what was remaining, was thrown into the Charles River. The body was beyond recognition and a highly educated set of pathologists, anthropologists, odontologists who works in Harvard got together and distinguished it to be Dr. Parkman. In the following week, Webster was caught by bone fragments which were found at his home furnace. This case would go down in history as the first case to be solved down through Anthropology and a guiding stone to what Forensic Anthropology is immediately. (Snow, 1982) Most murder cases such as the Parkman Murder, Leanne Tiernan , are only a one time scenario. You have the murderer, the victim, the police, and the investigation. Some end up well, some end up bad, but either way, when the guilty party is kickd, and the deceased family componsated, the story ends. But there are stories that dont end that easily. Stories which go on for years, with many people involved, many casualties that would terrorize whole nations in the matter of days and some to not be solved even after a centurys time Serial Killings.These are killings that are premeditated and are carried out in a series over a period of time. (Jenkins, 2013) What triggers human beings to suddenly be as impulsive as to kill and polish off their own beings, we dont know. But fortunately Forensics has been a driving force behind bringing these notorius criminals to justice. Theodore Robert Cowell, notoriously known as Ted Bundy was one of the most gruesome and frightened series killers in the USA. He used to pretend to have a broken arm and lured young women into his vehicle and horridly mutilated, raped and killed them. Known to be a handsome man, Bundy had no problems with making small talk to make young women comfortable around him, until he made his move. He is known to have murdered over 30 women and to date , the exact amount is unknown. Aknown case, somewhat believed to be Bundys first, was the brutal rape of 18 year old Joni Lenz, she was found in her own basement with a bed rod savagely rammed into her genitals fortunately or unfortunately she was one of the very few people to have escaped the death sentence from Bundys terror.Bundy was not arrested for suspicion for murder, he was arrested for not stopping at a police blockade and after being stopped, the police were found suspicious items such as a ski mask, rope, crowbar and handcuffs in his car which fall to the initial suspicions. This lead to him being recorded and under surveillance for some time and after many times he was released due to lack of evidence. But due to his sadistic fantasies of biting his victims, it was Odontology that helped put Bundy away, Odontologists were able to associate his teeth marks with the bite marks of some of the victims, at the same time a few strands of hair found in his car linked him to th e murders that lead to the final conviction of this mass murderer in 1989 January with his life ending in the electric chair. (Bell, 2012) The story of Richard Ramirez is quite intriguing. He was known as the Night Stalker due to his modus operandi which followed, jumping into houses and killing people inside the house. The method of his killings were gruesome. He would mutilate his victims by gouging their eyes out and mutilating their corpses. He was known to perform sexual activities with dead corpses as well. He was a self aclaimed satanist who had no repentance for the crimes he commited. His capture was with the help of fingerprinting techonology which was making quite a stir at that time.Ramirezs fingerprint caught in a car was linked to him and his mugshot was sent to the police, in one weeks time, he was captured and sent to prison on the account of 13 murders. (Reporter, 2013) John Wayne Gacy Jr., a name that still sends chills down anyones spine was a serial killer who preyed on young boys. He would perform sexual acts on the boys who he caught and eventually murder them. Gacy was a man loved by everyone. He was a hard worker who was just trying to catch a break which he did, but would end up tarnishing his image due to his sadistic homosexual needs. Married twice, he would be no more different to your own friendly neighbor, as his soused friends stated in court during his hearing. He would go on to murder more than 30 young teenage boys who he would perform sexual acts on and burying them in his own backyard. After going through the second divorce he startedhis own business where he undertook work such painting, refurbishing and maintaining. He hired young men under him to apparently lower the costs, but it was apparent that, that was a cover up to hide Gacys fantasies. One by one, the men at his workplace kept disappearing and after being questioned for suspicion of the disappearance of the men he hired to work for him, the sheriff in charge di d a background check on Gacy and got to know about his previous acts of sodomy. He then got a search warrant to investigate his house when Gacy wasnt in, he then went on to find many links that connected Gacy to many of the missing men and at that smear he confessed to one of the murders thought process they would not dig the grave yard in his crawl blank at that point.However the unbearable stench coming from Gacys crawl space would lead the police to dig up his backyard that would reveal the grave yard of the missing men, more than 30 bodies and of which, 7 have not been recognized up to date. Anthropology contend a massive role in separating all the bone fragments gathered from his backyard and identifying their owners as well as determining their cause of death. When the final running game came up Gacy would only be second to Ted Bundy with the death toll. Even though it was one factor in forensics which helped in catching these murderers be it pathology, anthropology or od ontology, all of the other factors help in verifying the data you gather. Therefore, it is not quite clear cut as to say that only one aspect of Forensics played the whole part in solving a murder. This is the reason as to the Medical Examiner is the head of the Forensic department.All the data is gathered by him and he makes the final judgment as to what the evidence shows. In forensics, the evidence is the bits and pieces of a story that is scattered around. The forensic examiner merely interprets what the evidence convey to his area of expertise and delivers it to the Medical Examiner the author. Here, the Medical Examiner gathers all the little stories scattered around and builds up the story that will be habituated out to the police the publisher. In the same case, these results may turn out to not be what you expected. Sometimes, these results may interpret inconclusive results that would alter the final last of the respected official therefore it is not always correct. R ecently many scientific communities have been debating about the validity of Forensic Evidence in court due to various inconsistencies in the results that has been produced in labs. Not only scientists, many people are now questioningthe science of forensic evidence as at current, the evidence is taken for granted. With hit TV shows like CSI, Body of Proof, Bones, people are easily manipulated into believing the circumstantial evidence provided to judge a case, now called the CIS effect where people judgments are subconsciously questioned by TV shows than what is provided as evidence.Some juries who are fans of CIS have gone on to acquit plainly guilty criminals just because the investigators failed to test evidence the CSI way. (Cole & Diosso-Villa, 2009) These jurors are now known to rely on superficial evidence CSI has provided rather than the evidence provided. The most frightnening factor in this case is the evidence itself. Regardless of the jurors verdict, the results that h ave provided in some cases are now known to be inconclusive. A recent question found out that identifications on the same fingerprint can change solely by presenting the print in a different context. Called conceptual biasing the report showed how previously identified finger print results of the samples changed when details about their arrest were told which is called conceptual biasing. (Jr. & B., 2009, 36-38p) Another case which was under the spotlight was th case of Brandan Mayfield. He was arrested with charges of being a material witness based on his fingerprints found in a bag where the detonation device of the terrorist bombing which occurred in Madrid, Spain which killed 191 people and injured thousands. The fingerprint of Mayfield was analyzed by an outside source by a different individual.The Spanish police then alerted the FBI regarding doubts with the findings of Mayfield and released him after 18 days with $2 million componsation. (Jr. & B., 2009) Many scholars have b egun to question the accuracy of the evidence used in a court. The highly controversial Amanda Knox case was late brought back to lime light with the Forensic Scientist in charge of the murder trial requested to retest the blood which was on the knife which was used to kill Meredith Kercher however, the invoke judge thought the evidence was unreliable and hence dismissed the suggestion. This would have been a major point to rule out whether it was Kerchers blood in the knife as statistically, if the testing was done more than 5 times, the results would have been more accurate with regard to whether the blood was actually from Kercher and would have either verify the unreliable evidence or dismissed it which would make a firm case for Knoxs release (Alexander, 2013) At points likethese the evidence is just put aside where it would have been of great resource. Since the inception of forensics, it has managed to send many criminals behind bars, as to whether the law decides if it is true or not is up for debate, but scientist today are trying to make the evidence they gather more reliable so that no such cases will arise in the future(a).The advancement of technology has helped to create many new methods of tests for the use of Forensics. A recently discovered method of finger printing was found in Australia at Curtin University using henna. The ordinary method of identifying invisible fingerprints were said to be by using nin-hydrin a volatile chemical, now they have been able to use henna to identify the finger prints which is not harmful at all and is available at ease. (Renee Jelly, Chris Lennard, Limc, & Almogd, 2008) Other findings include gunshot residual identification. The technology to identify minute residual materials on suspects is being developed. Earlier use, included the use of paraffin to make cast over the suspects hand and when sprayed with a reagent would turn into a specific colour, but due to cigarettes and urine also giving the same res ults, this method was dropped in the 1950s, therefore this new method would be a new beginning for Gun grab Residual identification. (Pilant, 2000) The hour of a purely fictional TV episode ends. What has is it done to you? What has it made you believe? If only forensics was as crystal clear as in TV, the police would have caught all the criminals and serial killers of the world if so, but unfortunately it is not.We have to slap ourselves back to reality and realize the situation at hand. Forensic Science has helped to imprison the demons in human form that have made you want to doubt if you will ever see your loved ones after they leave the comfort of your house. It might soon overcome the point where innocent children such as Madeleine McCann, Edward and Austin Bryant (Sampson, 2011) can be found by the use of new technology and reopen these cases and analyze the evidence recorded and stored. It would give peace to many parents who are mourning the disappearance of their loved on es not intentional whether theyre alive or not. Forensics has turned out to be a scientific breakthrough in the industry of crime. With the media attention it is getting, Forensics is at a point where its growing at a steady rate. It has brought a whole new era in to the cycle of forensics and what we will expect in the future will definitely be unimaginable and till then we willawait.BibliographyAlexander, R. (2013, 04). Amanda Knox and bad maths in court. Retrieved 2013, from BBC News Magazine http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-22310186Bell, R. (2012). Ted Bundy. Retrieved 2013, from Crime program library http//www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/notorious/bundy/index_1.htmlCole, S. A., & Diosso-Villa, R. (2009). INVESTIGATING THE CSI EFFECT EFFECT MEDIA AND LITIGATION CRISIS IN CRIMINAL LAW. The Stanford Law Review , 1335-1373. Gribben, M. (n.d.). Crime subroutine library. Retrieved 2013, from Crime Library crimina mindls and methods http//www.trutv.com/library/crime/c riminal_mind/forensics/kevin_neal/1_index.htmlJenkins, J. P. (2013). Encyclopeadia. Retrieved 2013, from Encyclopaedia Brittanica http//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/863836/serial-murderJr., D., & B., H. (2009). Forensic Science under the spotlight. Judges Journal , 48 (4), 36-38.Pilant, L. (2000). Forensic Science Bringing New Technology.Ramsland, K. (n.d.). Crime Library criminla minds and methods. Retrieved 2013, from Crime Library http//www.trutv.com/library/crime/criminal_mind/forensics/toxicology/2.htmlRankin, S. (2013). Forensic Science. Retrieved 2013, from Forensic Science Central http//forensicsciencecentral.co.uk/history.htmlRenee Jelly, a. S., Chris Lennard, b., Limc, K. F., & Almogd, J. (2008). could henna help catch criminals. Retrieved from RSC publishinghttp//www.rsc.org/Publishing/ChemTech/Volume/2008/08/fingerprints.aspReporter, A. P. (2013). station Online. Retrieved 2013, from Daily Mail http//www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2343661/California-serial-kille r-self-confessed-Satanist-Richard-Ramirez-died-cancer.htmlSampson, J. (2011, 07). 10 Tragic cases of lost children. Retrieved 2013, from Listverse http//listverse.com/2011/07/11/10-tragic-cases-of-missing-children/Scientific Working group for Forensic Anthropology. (2013). Retrieved 2013, from a forensic anthropoligical scientific group http//www.swganth.org/Snow, C. C. (1982). Forensic Anthropology. Annnul Review of Anthropology , 11, pp. 97-131. Suzanne Elvidge BSc (hons), M. (2013, 04 21). Explore Forensics. Retrieved 07 30, 2013, from Forensic Science exploaration http//www.exploreforensics.co.uk/forensic-cases-murder-leanne-tiernan.htmlWord Count 3900

Workplace Violence in the Workplace Sector: A Literature Review

Work rove military force is an emerging phenomenon that should be investigated. The disposition of such bearing and how it is affect the reverse. The nature of civilizeplace delirium, the polar methods be procedured to do it and how it affects the workers and their relationship with each opposite should be looked into. Historical Context of Workplace forcefulness V. Bowie provides an overview of employment power by sounding at the history of corporations and companies in the past thirty years.The material he produced sustains the questioner important insights on the development of trends, controversies and issues that occur during the past thirty years. These trends were connected with tender as well as technological developments in the society. In addition to this, he overly uses interrogation data and findings on conglomerate disciplines to provide an informative back set up for these emerging trends. Bowies work provides an important historical circumst ance of oeuvre arrangements and the instances that give elevate to employment military group.Furthermore, Bowie provided a typology of piece of work abandon which is tranquil of (1) intrusive, (2) consumer, (3) relationship, and (4) brass sectional. His typology potbelly be the basis of further research in the field and allow for give inte recessing insights . Probably the most important contri saveion of Bowie to the theme under consideration is his identification of key issues in work personnel and how it affects the whole organization and the individuals who experience such violence. Of the trends that he identified, an important component that should be investigated at this time is cyber-violence.Given the widespread use of e-mail, blogging, instant messaging and other internet platforms, piece of work violence is as well as creation perpetuated and workers atomic reckon 18 being degraded, harassed, manipulated and humiliated. Another important aspect of body o f work violence that could expand on Bowies work is by themeing the style that older employees argon being treated. Given the large number of young professionals waiting to work, these older employees ar being harassed so they would resign and give way to younger workers .Bowies work athletic supporters situate this research catch being undertaken in regards to the developments in the emerging trends and issues in piece of work violence. With the poser of this believe, some recommendations shall be made on how to plough with these emerging trends and issues. The work of Johnson and Indvik further provides an important historical backdrop on the egression of work violence as a field of study and interest in corporate culture and human relations within organizations.The nineties is of picky interest to Johnson and Indvik. They noted the rise in both warmth and number of incidences of work violence. The two researchers analyzed the wee-wees of this violence, the percei ved costs of piece of work violence and its uphold on the organization as a whole. Among the causes that they noted, emotional problems atomic number 18 the offset on their list. These emotional problems may stem from deep-seated issues in their personalities and developmental stage or it may be link up to issues of change in their lifestyles.Abuse, is most often experienced first in the family and this is consequently transferred to other persons in the workplace or in the family. Another important cause of violence is the perceived difficulties in the economy, the laying off of workers and the inability of workers to deal with such changes in their lives. Johnson and Indviks approach to dealing with their study is that they conducted first a study on the possible causes of violence in an individual worker. From that, they excessively describe the workplace smudge and how it contri exclusivelyes to the development of a workplace conducive for violence.After acquittance through this, the authors also studied the role of precaution and human re germs stancers of the organization in the emergence of workplace violence. One of the important concepts the authors put forward is that in that location must bemuse been negligent hiring because persons that ar emotionally and mentally disturbed. Another area of negligence would be on the supervising of employees. If there is effective supervision and regular consultation with the managers and the employees, workplace violence would be mitigated.The authors also offlined several(prenominal) close oution strategies by dealing with all the areas of the causes of violence that they identified. The historical context in the article of Johnson and Indvik as well as their analysis of individual workers, the workplace and the role of trouble in workplace violence make it a in truth valuable resource in concord the aggressors, the nature and characteristics of workplace violence, and planning strategies that could significantly reduce the incidence and occurrence of workplace violence. Is there a Need for Violence? Is there a need for violence?John Keane seems to answer yes to this important question. History is replete with violence. at that place are wars, killing fields, meanness camps, assassinations and other forms of violence. It seems that violence is hard-wired into the consciousness of e real human being. Keane accordingly embarks on a journey to reflect on the meanings of such violence and their ethical and governmental significance. Although his work is not totally related to workplace violence, Keanes ideas and reflections on the paradoxes of violence can charter important implications on the workplace.He has a very interesting insight that magnate apply on the reaction of pack who are always perceived as victims of workplace violence. Most of the time, keeping veritable(a)-tempered and resignation is the usual reaction to violence in the workplace. Keane sev eralizes that this broad of passive reaction to violence should be reconsidered. Naive pacifism for Keane is an anachronism and will simply create a condition a cycle of violence. When no one resists senseless violence, wherefore it will become give away of the culture. It will also drive away the people who are continuously subjected to violence.He calls for a rethinking on the approach of todays society to violence. While it may be true up that peace and lack of conflict is highschoolly desirable, those who inflict violence should be apprehended. That can only be done if the victims of violence who want to pre sue niceness will become courageous enough to stand up for their own rights and stand up against the perpetrators of violence. Although not directly related to workplace violence, Keanes reflections suck in much to do in stopping violence in the workplace and helping victims speak out for themselves and even take active means to antipathetical violence.By doing so, the organization will empower its employees so that they can stop workplace violence if they see it anywhere in the organization. Workplace violence may be looked at as an act between two people. There are instances, however, that more people may be involved. Workplace violence is fundamentally an interpersonal incident. The root cause of such violence needs to be identified in dedicate for the proper intervention strategies to be devised. Cavell and Malcolm identified passion and aggression in the workplace as the leave aloneing causes of violence in the workplace. through the collection of articles that they collected, they explore the sources of ira in the workplace and, more importantly, in the personal lives of those who go to work at their offices. In a rather interesting twist in their argument, they said that anger and aggression are but normal in the lives of people. What matters is how to manage these emotions. With smashing management, these emotions could also be pu t to good use. If left unchecked, however, they can wreak havoc at the workplace, leaving people hurting and in danger.The authors looked at psychological explanations of anger and aggression and how incompatible people express these emotions. More than that, however, they also explored the different means of controlling anger effectively such as asking the help of anger management professionals and counselors. In the word of honor that they authored, they also developed a helpful model in treating anger and aggression. As the contemporary workplace becomes more complex and difficult, so shall the well(p)ty and security concerns be foremost at the minds of managers and the people who enforce laws related to security.With this in mind, the volume contributed by Cavell & Malcolm is a big help for professionals who are seeking to neutralize the negative effects of anger and aggression in the workplace and work towards the channeling of these emotions to creativity that in the long r un will contribute to the growth of the organization. The intelligence also stateed solid guidelines on how to help employees who are miserable from bouts of anger, aggression and even depression so that they can make the high hat out of their situation and contribute to the improvement of organizational practices and development.Types of Workplace Violence. Physical violence is no the only criteria in determining workplace violence. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) came up with four different personas of workplace violence, which could also be helpful to this study in coming up with such typology of workplace violence. The first one is criminal intent which may be grow in unresolved conflicts and deep-seated thwartings and emotional and mental disturbance. Additionally, criminal intent may be inflicted by people outside the workplace who do have criminal intent such as robbery, homicide or murder and rape among othersSecondly, workplace viole nce may also emanate from customer-client relationships and vice versa. There are overbearing customers who heap abuses on the workers on duty. These customers are usually very impatient and they are passing on some vehement remarks and actions onto the workers of the organization. The third vitrine is violence that takes place within the organization through the relationships of the workers. This type of violence is inflicted by one employee to another employee.Such type of workplace violence may occur because of professional rivalry, underperformance or lackluster service, and even due to circumstances fostered by the workplace itself. The last type of workplace violence comes from personal relationships. This type of violence comes from nonadaptive relationships in and out of the office. Most of the time, however, relationship problems such as domestic problems, and frustrations problems come from outside of the organization. The NIOSH publication also identified several resear ch needs for workplace violence.These research areas are very important to this study so that the researcher would know what gaps in the workplace violence research will it fill in and which of these research needs it fulfills. (1) The first research need is the establishment of a national agenda and strategy for workplace violence. This would help more researchers and practitioners learn about the theories and the progresses made in intellect the issue. (2) There should also be an evaluation research. This would also facilitate a better understanding on the part of organizations the intervention needs in regards to workplace violence. 3) The translations of workplace violence should be consistent. This would enable organizations and practitioners to gather consensus on what workplace violence authentically means and what its effects are. (4) Help ensure reporting at all levels. One of the more important challenges of workplace violence is reporting. When people start talking, th en its occurrence would come to the fore and it would be dealt with more easily. (5) Lastly, economics research should also be conducted to determine the actual costs of workplace violence and the benefits of investment on this area of the organization.These items in the research agenda helps the researcher in looking at workplace violence cosmopolitanly. Indeed, there are a number of research elevations that should be undertaken by organizations and by individual researchers to deal with the problems of workplace violence. Although this set of research points and agenda are arbitrary at best and may be subject to change in the coming months and years, researchers will have known what important areas of research salve lack studies. When researchers put their resources together in studying these areas, workplace violence could then be best understood and prevented.A Look into the Lethal Employees Mind One possible way of understanding workplace violence and preventing it is looki ng into the mindset of groundless employees and the kind of motivations and attitudes that they have. Kelleher sought to map and create a profile of the mind of the employee with the appetency for perpetuating violence. by means of the case studies that he provides in his book, he will be able to give a full picture of the motivations and the tendencies of the employee who commits violence. The author takes a look at the crimes and violence committed at the workplace.He then traces back the event that happened, the experiences of the lethal employee that led to violence or homicide. The different profiles featured in the book are very useful in identifying the mindset and the propensity for violence of employees. The characteristics draw by Kelleher could be used as a benchmark for looking at possible violent offenders. By bringing in behavioral science models and research findings, he creates a profile of the possible violent employee. This then helps organizations in planning and creating strategies for dealing with and preventing workplace violence.Kelleher succeeds in helping researchers, managers and practitioners in looking at the profile of the potentially lethal employee. One of the gaps in research, however, is the late findings in research about workplace violence. Such gap will be filled by this study by looking at juvenile research studies and findings of practitioners in the field. Kellehers framework fits into a systemic view of workplace violence. The profile of the potentially lethal employee could be related to the difficulties, issues and frustrations experienced by the employee in the workplace.Such profile will also be looked into alongside the profile of potential victims and the organizational culture. With these elements of the system, a better understanding of workplace violence could be arrived at. Trends, Issues and Strategies in Workplace Violence Kellehers book was essential in understanding the lethal employees mindset and pr ofile. The gaps in the recent trends and issues are supplied by Bowie, Fisher and Cooper . The collection they authored presents a number of relevant statistics concerning workplace violence in the United States.Since their book was released only in 2005, they go game some of the most recent statistics and findings. More than that, the authors also looked at data from different companies and organizations all over the United States to present an overview of what is going on in most organizations. They present an important picture of what is going on. They explored individual factors that contribute to workplace violence such as domestic problems, a recurring cause in most of the workplace violence literature consulted in this study. They also identified reasons and ways in which organizations can take care of workers who are in risky situations.The psychological stress and workplace frustrations should be supplemented by support groups composed of the management and fellow workers. Such a caring environment can help reform a violence-prone organization and defuse the emotions and frustrations of workers. A rather surprising topic that Bowie, Fisher and Cooper addressed is the relation of terrorism to workplace violence. As the threat of terrorism looms in the United States, organizations should always be on the lookout for means of responding effectively to terrorist attacks and violence.The collection is one of the first books to offer an in-depth analysis of cyber-harassment, how workers and managers alike use email, instant messengers and other cyber-technologies to harass and perpetuate violence in the workplace. The bullies in the workplace are looking for ways to abide displaying their bravado and their arrogance and the internet has also become their tool for this purpose. After noting the trends and issues in workplace violence statistics and research, the authors provided a synthesis and a prospectus of what will happen in the next few years and how organizations can best counter workplace violence.There are a number of technological tools useable at the disposal of managers and workers. Yet, the immenseness of training and creating an organizational culture that does not tolerate is still one of the most important activities that organizations should undertake. A researcher and observer who has an understanding of workplace violence in the past thirty years or so will be delighted with this as they get a glimpse of recent developments in this area of research and how the next few years might yield new trends, issues and strategies in dealing with violence in the workplace.Declining Violent Crime in the Workplace The work of Duhart through the Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report supplements the historical context provided by Bowie. Duharts work deals with the statistics on violent crime on the workplace in the past decade, particularly from 1993 to 1999. According to her study the number of violent crimes committed a gainst people on work duty declined by 44% during the period covered by the study. Nonetheless, workplace violence still accounted for 18% of the total violent crimes committed during this period. This is still a rather large number of incidences.Such crimes include sexual harassment and even rape, robbery and simple and grave assault. At first glance, the work of Duhart may seem to refute the claims of Johnson and Indvik but a closer look would reveal that Duharts statistics concern only the violent crimes directed towards workers and employees while that of Johnson and Indvik endorse workplace violence as encompassing all forms of verbal and physical abuse directed to workers and employees alike. The statistics of Duhart provide important demographic knowledge about the victims of workplace violence.Women, as much as men, are the subject of such violence. Among the variables she explored are the type of crime and gender, the occupations where such violence occur, the role of rac e on violence, and the kind of workplace where the violence occurred. In addition to providing a profile of the victims, the report also takes a look into the characteristics of the offenders, their motivation for committing violence, and in worst cases, homicide. The profiles of the victims and the offenders are of particular interest for this study.Although such profile may be incomplete, it serves as a guide in understanding the situations of victims, offenders and other factors in the workplace that contribute to violence. A contemporary study on the topic of workplace violence may build upon these description and statistics to further analyze the trends and issues that are emerging in this phenomenon. Neuman and mightiness agree that the number of violent crimes directed against workers and employees have declined in the past few years. In fact, the occurrence of extremely violent acts of aggression is a ancient event in the workplace.This means that physical aggression is n ot really the criteria for workplace violence as echoed by other writers and researchers in this field. Although extreme violent aggression is rare in the workplace, other forms of violence and abuse are present in the workplace. In this case, such violence has very important impact on the organization and the individuals working within it. Neuman and Baron presented a study on the frequency of violence in the workplace and the impact of this violence on the culture of the organization. More importantly, for this study, the authors presented a framework of analysis in understanding workplace violence.Their framework is built on contemporary theories of violence and the motivation for aggression of individuals. By doing so, they are able to update existing theories and understanding on human aggression. This makes their work relevant to the organizational culture of the twenty-first century. Through the framework that they developed, they explain different reasons and context where v iolence may arise in the workplace. They were concerned primarily with the motivations of individuals in committing violence, that is why they did not focus much in looking at the workplace that may give rise to violence.Nonetheless, they still looked at the impact of the workplace on the individuals and how that can affect their performance and propensity for aggression. Based on this understanding, Neuman and Baron also provided various principles and strategies in dealing with workplace violence. Perhaps the only limitation in their analysis is the way that they think too much on the individual and did not look at the workplace as a system that can also give rise to incidences of violence. Aggression at Work and in SchoolsBraverman, Galasso and Marsh edited together a collection of articles dealing with the issue of violence in the workplace and in the schools. The articles in their collection probes deeply in the phenomenon of workplace violence, the nuances of its definition, the instances when and where it happens and takes a look at recent research, methodologies, frameworks and studies that are related to the topic at hand. Braverman uses the Systems Model in analyzing violence in the workplace and in the schools.This is an important idea as the systems model is a multi-disciplinary approach and looks at the relationships of different elements in the system. By evolution this model, Braverman is helping researchers and human resources practitioners in understanding violence and analyzing the corporate or school system. In doing so, they can readily identify some of the factors that contribute to workplace violence. This systems-based model in looking at workplace violence can be used by this study in understanding different factors affecting such kind of violence.The individual articles in the collection also help identify the personality of victims and of aggressors. The workplace full of emotional abuse is also described as well as the different at titudes and behaviors that point to aggressive behavior. These elements of the system are then tied up together neatly into the systems-based model. Clearly, the systems-based model has very important explanatory utility, which this research project could use. Such an approach helps in the development of a framework of study that is not fragmentary and isolated.Rather, it helps look at the issue from a holistic perspective and looks at the whole organization and how it can breed violence in the workplace. Indeed, if the organization is filled always with stress, frustration and increasing pressure, then it might become a breeding ground for workplace violence. This idea of an organization that can become a breeding ground for violence is further explored by Denenberg and Braverman. By focusing on the workplace, they looked at different factors and elements that could lead people to become stressed out and commit violence.The authors point out that unresolved conflicts and frustratio ns due to employees who fail all contribute to stress and the potential for violence. If this is the case, then there would be a dysfunctional workplace. This concept of dysfunctional workplace is important in taking a deeper probe into the organizational culture and relationships of people within the organization. Although there may be dysfunctional employees, it is best to focus on the dysfunctional workplace that cannot deal with difficult employees.To illustrate their point, the authors used qualitative strategies by providing 14 case studies and stories of workplace violence that actually occurred. Interestingly, these 14 stories are rich source of qualitative data for the analysis of workplace violence. Through these stories, the authors identified several factors that contribute to violence in the workplace such as racial tensions, changes in the corporate culture, being laid off the workers pool, and other personal stress such as domestic problems.Braverman and Denenberg the n analyzed these sources of violence and outlined several strategies on how to best deal with such violence. They cited the need to make changes to the organizational culture, the importance of check and timely information dissemination and the creation of a violence prevention plan. The government regulations and guidelines can also be found in the volume, making it a comprehensive guide to understanding and preventing workplace violence. This study could benefit from the book of Braverman and Denenberg by looking at the dysfunctional workplace instead of just looking at individual workers who commit violence.Their analysis can complement the analysis of victims and offenders and will give a comprehensive view of the occurrence of workplace violence. When this comprehensive view is taken, the trouble spots and areas of concern will slowly emerge and prevention becomes more easily done. The Seriousness of Workplace Violence Workplace violence is really an important concern in organ izations and companies all over the world. Yet, a proper understanding of what it is all about should be arrived at. In this regard, Vandenbos and Bulatao explore the definitions of workplace violence as well as its scope.They explored several definitions of workplace violence from those who claim that only physical assault may be considered as violence to those who are more comprehensive in their view. By taking a look at the violence directed against workers, they were drawn to look at the definition of a workplace and what characterizes it. The focus of Vandenbos and Bulatao, however, is workplace homicide. The occurrence of this extreme form of workplace violence is indeed alarming and should be addressed immediately.Even though that is the case, the work of Bulatao and Vandenbos provide an important insight into the nature and definition of violence and a description of the workplace. The definitions of workplace violence that they provided help keep the debates in the research topic alive. Each definition has its own strengths and weaknesses. As they proceeded to synthesize the definitions, an understanding of the workplace becomes clearer. It is the venue where people with different backgrounds, emotional makeup and stress levels act together.There are certain factors and elements that contribute to the eruption of conflicts and violence. They resonated the idea of Braverman and Denenberg that the workplace could become dysfunctional and will create a situation optable for violence. The rest of the collection that the Bulatao and Vandenbos edited also deals with various details of workplace violence. The various risk factors and attitude problems in the workplace are explored in the articles found in the collection. They also enumerated several high-risk occupations that tend to create a situation of violence.These occupations such as nursing, the police, social workers in depressed areas and slums, in federal agencies, wrench industries and even in jail, are good places to start looking for further research and developments in workplace violence. The stories found in these occupations are also good sources of first-hand examples of workplace violence. These stories could then serve to bolster arguments and plans concerning the prevention of workplace violence, which should be the aim of any well-meaning organization. The nature of workplace violence is further explored by Raymond B. Flannery Jr. in Workplace Violence . His book is an introductory course on workplace violence. He discusses the nature of workplace violence and the different sources where it might originate. He starts with a description of the victim and the ordeal that he or she goes through. Violence is always an uncomfortable affair for the victim and responding to it is difficult. He then provides a description of the workplace and cites factors that contribute to the development of violence in the workplace. A description of aggressors then follows and how t he inflict violence on their co-workers.Such descriptions follow the description of other authors dealing with workplace violence. Most of the time, stress, personality dis dispositions, and the level of frustration are some of the causes of violence and aggression. The work of Flannery is neatly divided into two parts. The first one deals with the workplace, the victim, the aggressors and the different conditions that affect violence in the workplace. The second one deals with strategies and mechanisms towards the prevention of violence in the workplace. This book is an important introductory work on the importance of dealing with workplace violence.As a reference book for this study, however, it would be best used in conjunction with other introductory work on the subject so that the researcher would get a deeper understanding of workplace violence and its occurrence. Violence in the Workplace Telling and Reporting Violence in the workplace is a sensitive matter. That is why a lot of people choose not to confess and tell anyone about their experiences at work. This poses a serious threat in the organization because violence continues with or without reporting.If no action is done to correct this matter, then eventually such workplace violence will become a part of the corporate culture and the overall situation of the organization will worsen. On the part of employees who experience violence, the tendency for them is to resign, oddly if the perpetrator of violence belongs to the management. Bryant and Cox conducted a study in Australia concerning the occurrence of violence. They found out that in times of organizational change, some violence may be committed to the employees.Such violence may come from fellow workers or from the management. The researchers found a link between violence and resignation and say that resignation is usually seen as a way to get away from the discomfort and difficulties brought about by the violence. The researchers used a quali tative approach in dealing with their subject matter and sought to understand the thought processes and the decisions that employees who experience violence go through. Resignation is clearly a choice for most of them unless they are forced into it because of the experience of violence in the workplace.If violence became a means of forcing an employee to resign, then there is something totally wrong with the culture of the organization. The stories that Bryant and Cox portray in their study are a rich source of anecdotal evidence concerning violence in the workplace and how employees and workers deal with the difficulties it brings. An important component of their study is the recommendation that organizational change should make provisions with the management of conflict and of violence in the workplace.Management of Workplace Violence After understanding the nature of workplace violence, the factors affecting it and the conditions in the workplace and the society that contribute to its proliferation, it would be necessary for supervisors and members of the senior management to work towards the effective management and prevention of violence in the workplace. Without such knowledge and awareness, the workplace might just degenerate into the playground of workplace bullies and aggressors.Managers, by training, are concerned with productivity, efficiency and effectiveness at work. Most of them are not truly trained to be counselors. Most of the time, they do not know how to deal with aggression and causes of trauma in the workplace. This makes workplace violence more difficult. Although workplace violence is not the only cause of trauma in the workplace, managers and supervisors should be equipped with the raw material knowledge and skills in manipulation traumatic stress in the workplace. After all, the most valuable resource of the organization is its people.If their well-being is compromised, then the production and service process will be compromised, t oo. The United States Office of Personnel Management came up with a Managers Handbook on handling trauma in the workplace. The handbook makes use of recent researchers in the field and the proven best practices on dealing with traumatic stress in the workplace. The guide is very practical. It provides a brief accession of traumatic situations whether they are caused by natural disasters, accidents, crime or aggression in the workplace.Although counseling is not really part of the job description of a manager, listening to hurting officemate is very important because such hurts and frustrations may affect the morale of the workplace and the overall productivity of the organization. In addition to this, the guidebook also addresses suicidal concerns and those employees who are victims of workplace assault. The tips offered in the document are very practical and can be easily experienceed by managers across different industries. Although the guide book does not dwell too much on work place violence, what it provides is the human side of dealing with trauma in the workplace.Dealing with workplace aggression is difficult enough. With the support of the manager and colleagues, at least, individuals can more easily deal with their trauma. Management is indeed becoming a big part in ensuring that the workplace is safe and free from violence. This is why Chenier argued that the workplace is becoming a battleground for violence in the society. This is the reason why the author believes that employers should implement effective means of protecting their employees against violence on the job.Such strategy for preventing and protecting from violence includes the establishment of clear guidelines and policies, a crisis management aggroup and the Employee service Programs where people can report any incident without fear. It would also be necessary to modify hiring practices to ensure the emotional and mental health of prospective employees. Chenier also argues for the id entification of possible sources of violence in the workplace such as firings, downsizing of the company, stress, longer hours of work and even domestic violence.He also enumerated occupations with high incidence of violence. This is why managers and workers alike should be involved together in preventing the occurrence of violence in the workplace. Even if managers have the major responsibility in ensuring safety and prevention of violence, employees should be involved so as to more effectively recognize sources of violence at their level. Cheniers approach however seems to match the more reactive response in the spectrum because he argues for heightened security in the workplace, better background checking and assessment of prospective applicants.This is an important move to ensure that offenders are kept at bay. Yet, a more important strategy would be the cultivation of a corporate culture that does not tolerate workplace violence. When the employees have an excellent grasp of t he importance of of importtaining safety in the workplace, then the need for intense security might not arise. Resonating the idea of Chenier, Rew and Ferns, tested the government-sponsored NHS aught Tolerance Zone Campaign, which mandates employers to provide safety measures to employees so that risks related to work can be mitigated.Health care practitioners tend to be affected by workplace violence yet they are not alone. As such, both employers and workers and even customers have roles to play in promoting safety and preventing violence in the workplace. Although the measures to prevent violence are important, Rew and Ferns highlighted the importance of training employees on how to deal with workplace violence. Such training should include conflict management and how to deal with stress. They also pointed out the importance of self-esteem and confidence in dealing with conflict and violence.The two researchers say that long before a conflict escalates into a potential violent confrontation, there should be intervention from management so that the conflict could be properly resolved. Without such conflict-resolution strategy, the safety of the workplace will be compromised and violence may become common occurrence. The Center for Mental Health Services prepared a report on the prevention of workplace violation, putting emphasis on several ways of prevention and the role of the government in prevention. The report identified several areas of concern where prevention efforts should be centered.The first one is the workplace culture and the overall way that they conduct operations and relate with each other. Another area is training and how the organization develops consciousness about safety and workplace violence prevention. Established rules and performance reviews are also important areas in preventing workplace violence. With established rules, people would know where they stand and how they should perform within the organization. In addition to rules, clear insurance policy on layoff and terminating employees would also help defuse negative emotions and frustrations.Prohibiting drugs and alcohol for the employees is of course part of the safety measures of any organization. When there are indications that an employee is a potential dangerous worker, then the help of mental health specialists and counselors should be involved. Since racial and ethnic issues also tend to be a source of violence and conflict, then diversity is another important matter in ensuring safety and cultivating a culture of safety. In all cases, there should always be security measures because of uncertainty in the workplace.The government is also deeply involved in ensuring workplace safety and private organizations should engage their assistance in their efforts to reign over workplace violence. The government helps organizations with opportunities and resources in creating policies and training in violence. Furthermore, government agencies are always wo rking on studies and descriptions on what constitute a safe and punch workplace. The government can also release legislations and other policies governing the security of the workplace. As such, organizations should comply with these requirements.With effective government intervention, organizations can help their employees and the overall situation of their workplace in order for workplace violence to be prevented. More than just prevention, there should also be a move to establish a culture of tolerance and communication within the organization. Workplace violence could not be dealt with only by an effective strategy created by the management in consultation with the workers who are the first ones to scent the brunt of workplace violence. With the assistance of the government, they will be able to effectively combat workplace violence.Prevention is Still bankrupt than Cure Averting violence in the workplace is definitely better than waiting for it to happen. Prevention is still the best solution in dealing with workplace violence. Managing the occurrence of violence is complicated and might lead to a number of inconveniences for both management and the workers. Prevention therefore is still the best policy. With this mind, Braverman authored a book on Preventing Workplace Violence that would provide guidance to employers and practitioners in the field.His guidebook is similar to the one released by the United States Office of Personnel Management but it has a more in-depth analysis of workplace violence and what the different elements of this violence are. Although prevention is the main concern of Braverman, he still provides a basic understanding of what workplace violence is, what its causes are, and how to spot possible violent employees. He also asks managers and practitioners to be cautious in labeling people because it might turn into a self-fulfilling prophecy.The strength of Bravermans book is that he relies less on theory and more on practical e xperiences and case studies of violence in the workplace. In doing so, he succeeds in presenting the seriousness of the matter and that managers should move towards preventing it to save time, resources and emotional trauma in the workplace. Braverman also dealt with the dilemma of most managers who have to confront workplace violence. Most of them feel afraid and unable to deal with the situation. That is why he offers good, solid advice to them on how to deal with it.The situations he cited such as a person with domestic violence who comes to work, as well as frustrated persons with lots of emotional baggage. As he asks manager to prevent workplace violence, he also highlights the legal duties of managers to their employees in ensuring safety and security. Surprisingly, Braverman did not subscribe to the importance of the profile of a potentially violent worker. He argues that such profiling might just degenerate to siren hunts within the organization, which would be counter-prod uctive and would only destroy the organizational culture further.Although there are instances that management and the workers do not agree with each other specially in benefits and workplace practices, workplace violence transcends these issues and collaboration and participation between management and workers are essential to dealing with it. What the management and the workers need to understand is that they are all affected by workplace violence and they could not afford to be antagonistic to each other when the safety and security of everyone is at stake. He concludes his book by outlining seven practical steps in preventing workplace violence.These steps are rooted on partnership between management and workers, on a good understanding of workplace violence and its implications on the organization, on a sense of community in the workplace on the systems in place within the organization and a sensitivity on the welfare of peopleboth the victim, the perpetrator and everyone else in the workplace. His book is very useful in constructing a comprehensive plan and strategy in dealing with workplace violence. Another author who dealt with the prevention of workplace violence is Marianne Minor .She dwelt briefly with a basic understanding of what workplace violence is but she did not present a sweeping overview. Such sweeping overview of what workplace violence is may be provided by the other books on this literature review. Of great significance are the practical tips that she offers for the management of organizations. She outlined several elements of violence prevention in the workplace. It is important for the management to assemble a team task to handle and manage crisis situations in the workplace. Moreover, the management should have a steady stream of professional advisors.This helps the advisors and the management team to create a crisis management plan, anticipate different situations where violence may arise. A violence protection policy is also essent ial so as to protect the workers and the organization. The management should also keep a ready reference of the applicable laws and rules that can help the organization in preventing violence. She also wrote about the importance of ensuring that the employment and hiring practices of the organization encourage the selection of the best candidates on the job.In preventing violence in the workplace, she gave pointers on recognizing the early signs of violence so that they can be solved. In these cases, counseling and coaching may be provided. But if such intervention practices do not work, then disciplinary action may be implemented, provided that this is within the policy of the organization on workplace violence. Minors set of strategies in preventing and dealing with workplace violence is solid and very practical. She does not dwell so much on theory but on practice. This can then help organizations and management to establish concrete strategies.The only danger, however, is that m anagement may see this as a one-size-fits-all policy, which may become more detrimental to the organization. Nonetheless, the strategies are a good starting point for any organization intent on protecting the safety and the security of their workplace. The organization should look, however, for the right fit of policies and strategies in coping with workplace violence. A Summary of the Major Points of the books Review Workplace violence is indeed a growing problem in the United States and elsewhere in the world.Through the literature reviewed in this study, the various elements of workplace violence were investigated, the importance of profiling the perpetrators was undertaken, and the workplace as a system where violence may arise were looked into. The following elements were identified as the main participants in understanding and preventing workplace violence. Management Needless to say, the management is the first on the list to truly understand the nature of workplace violence , what are the different matters that make it complicated.Who are the workers with the potential to inflict violence on the workplace? What kinds of plans should be in place to prevent violence? Ironically, managers can also serve as the source of violence against workers. Management therefore should be strong enough and flexible enough to deal with workplace violence whenever it occurs. Management takes the lead in creating an organizational culture that does not tolerate workplace violence. If violence emanates from the management, then for sure, a culture of fear, anxiety and less productivity would be the order of the day.If the management works with the government, the employees, and other stakeholders, it can create a comprehensive plan and strategy in dealing with workplace violence. Although some researchers report a decline of violent crimes in the workplace, most of the time, the workers have to deal with subtle expressions of harassment and violence. This is an area of co ncern that management should not neglect. After all, a safe and happy workforce will help the organization achieve its goals. The Violent Worker There are a number of causes for a worker to misfortune out and unleash violence in the workplace.It could be because of mental and emotional disturbance, frustrations with their personal and professional lives, as well as specific events in the office that could tip them over the edge and give way to their violent impulses. Some authors have attempted to provide a profile of the potentially violent worker. However, there are also those who believe that this obsession with profile is an exercise in futility and would be inimical to the interests of the organizations. It might even precipitate a paranoia-filled workplace if the external characteristics of a person fit the mold of the profile.The management and the workers, too can help the potentially violent colleague by establishing support groups and coaching sessions in the workplace. Although this may not be part of the overall strategy and handicraft model of the organization, yet the overall well-being of the workers would eventually contribute to productivity and efficiency. Through these human resources practices, the organization can also develop an organizational culture of excellence and zero tolerance of workplace violence. In the long run, such policy will not only help prevent workplace violence but it can also enhance the organization as a whole.The Workers and the Victims The victims of workplace violence can be any worker or employee. The perpetrator may be from the management, a customer or client, or a co-worker. It is therefore in their best interests if they knew what workplace violence is and how they are affected by this menace. Most of the time, the response of victims is to keep quiet and allow the violence to be unreported. This is a cause of concern for everyone in the organization because this is inimical to the organizational culture an d productivity.There should be training and resources available to the workers so that they can readily deal with instances of violence in the workplace. Management is particularly The Workplace One important lesson that the literature review yielded is the way that the workplace can also contribute to the emergence of violence. The concept of organizational culture has been put forward as an explanatory variable of what makes workers become violent and inflict it on others in the organization. The workplace is a melting pot of personalities, ideas and different authority levels.When violence becomes a regular fare in the workplace, then it becomes a way of life in the workplace and the workers will be in fear and anxiety over the events in the workplace. Government The government has a number of resources that could help organizations deal with workplace violence. There are online resources and guides on dealing with trauma in the workplace. In addition to this, the government is a lso actively pursuing partnerships with the private sector in order to stop workplace violence.This way, organizations and companies can seek the help of government agencies and officials in preventing workplace violence. In extreme cases of violence, the government will also intervene with its resources so as to mediate and mitigate the damages of the violence. A Systems-Based approach to Workplace Violence Although it would be good to look individually at these elements of workplace violence, a better approach would be to analyze it as a system. In such a system, all of the elements interact with each other, helps each other, or give rise to the occurrence of violence.The workplace as the melting pot of workers and managers and even government has strong analytical potentials and will help researchers understand better the phenomenon of workplace violence. A worker without a natural potential for violence may become violent due to stress in his personal life confused by the rude treatment of a manager. Transitions due to economic conditions may also create stress and frustrations that may become the source of violence. The workplace as a system may also help a researcher look at workplace violence more comprehensively.While some authors favor profiling the victims, the potentially violent worker, and the workplace individually, taking them together and analyzing how they work together and how violence arises would be a better goal for theories and research undertakings in the field. Such a holistic perspective would yield better information and practical guidance on how to deal with the issue of workplace violence. With the advent of information technology and the emergence of internet and new communication tools, these channels of communication may also become significant in the study of workplace violence.With the changes in technology and in the modes of working, so shall the analysis of workplace violence change. As part of the emerging trends and issue s in dealing with workplace violence, the interaction between the workplace, the workers, other social forces and violence would yield more interesting insights. In dealing with workplace violence, prevention is still better than cure. This is why organizations should work towards a business model and human resources strategy that could prevent workplace violence and keep the marketplace a busy venue for work yet safe, secure and even satisfying for everyone involved.